MongoDB数据库(二):增删查改-阿里云开发者社区

MongoDB数据库的增删查改

1.插入数据
语法：

db.集合名称.insert(document)
db.table_name.insert({name:'gj',gender:1})
db.table_name.insert({_id:"20170101",name:'gj',gender:1})
插⼊⽂档时，如果不指定_id参数，MongoDB会为⽂档分配⼀个唯⼀的ObjectId

使用insert时如果指定的_id在数据表中已经存在，则插入数据失败

例子：

db.test_table01.insert({_id:1000001,name:"xiaobing",age:30}) # 向数据库中插入一条_id为1000001的数据
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

db.test_table01.insert({_id:1000001,name:"xiaoming",age:40}) # 再次向数据库中插入一条_id为1000001的数据，会提示失败

WriteResult({

    "nInserted" : 0,
    "writeError" : {
            "code" : 11000,
            "errmsg" : "E11000 duplicate key error collection: study_test.test_table01 index: _id_ dup key: { : 1000001.0 }"
    }

})
2.保存数据
语法：

db.集合名称.save(document)
如果⽂档的_id已经存在则修改文档，如果⽂档的_id不存在则添加，类似于Django中的update_or_create

例子:

db.test_table01.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939a4f4c9ce97c5b78a0da"), "name" : "xiaowang", "age" : 10 }

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaohong", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : 1000001, "name" : "xiaobing", "age" : 30 }

db.test_table01.save({_id:1000001,name:"xiaoming",age:40}) # 向数据库中保存_id为1000001的数据，会更新已经的数据

WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })

db.test_table01.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939a4f4c9ce97c5b78a0da"), "name" : "xiaowang", "age" : 10 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaohong", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : 1000001, "name" : "xiaoming", "age" : 40 }
3.简单查询
语法：

db.集合名称.find({条件⽂档}) # 查询所有符合条件的文档
db.集合名称.findOne({条件⽂档}) # 根据条件查询文档，只返回第⼀个
db.集合名称.find({条件⽂档}).pretty() # 根据条件查询文档，并将输出结果格式化
4.更新
语法：

db.集合名称.update( ,,{multi: })
参数说明：

query:查询条件
update:更新操作符
multi:可选，默认是false，表示只更新找到的第⼀条记录，值为true表示把满⾜query条件的⽂档全部更新

"multi update only works with $ operators":只有替换后的字段前面加上"$"时，才可以一次性更新多条数据

例子:

db.userinfo.find().pretty() # userinfo数据库里有5条数据
{
    "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f37d25000fc9936a9759"),
    "country" : "china",
    "province" : "sh",
    "userid" : "a"
}

{

    "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38425000fc9936a975a"),
    "country" : "china",
    "province" : "sh",
    "userid" : "b"

}
{

    "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38625000fc9936a975b"),
    "country" : "china",
    "province" : "sh",
    "userid" : "c"

}
{

    "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39325000fc9936a975c"),
    "country" : "china",
    "province" : "bj",
    "userid" : "da"

}
{

    "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39925000fc9936a975d"),
    "country" : "china",
    "province" : "bj",
    "userid" : "fa"

}

db.userinfo.update({country:"china"},{set:{country:"zhongguo"}}) # 把country等于china的整条数据替换掉，只替换一条数据
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })

db.userinfo.find() # 第一条数据被替换，只有_id字段没有改变

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f37d25000fc9936a9759"), "set" : { "country" : "zhongguo" } }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38425000fc9936a975a"), "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "b" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38625000fc9936a975b"), "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "c" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39325000fc9936a975c"), "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "da" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39925000fc9936a975d"), "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "fa" }

db.userinfo.update({country:"china"},{$set:{country:"zhongguo"}}) # 把country等于china的字段更新为country等于zhongguo,只更新一条数据

WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 1, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 1 })

db.userinfo.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f37d25000fc9936a9759"), "set" : { "country" : "zhongguo" } }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38425000fc9936a975a"), "country" : "zhongguo", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "b" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38625000fc9936a975b"), "country" : "china", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "c" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39325000fc9936a975c"), "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "da" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39925000fc9936a975d"), "country" : "china", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "fa" }

db.userinfo.update({country:"china"},{$set:{country:"zhongguo"}},{multi:true}) # 把country等于china的字段更新为country等于zhongguo,multi的值为true,所以更新所有符合条件的数据

WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 3, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 3 })

db.userinfo.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f37d25000fc9936a9759"), "set" : { "country" : "zhongguo" } }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38425000fc9936a975a"), "country" : "zhongguo", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "b" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38625000fc9936a975b"), "country" : "zhongguo", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "c" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39325000fc9936a975c"), "country" : "zhongguo", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "da" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39925000fc9936a975d"), "country" : "zhongguo", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "fa" }

db.userinfo.update({country:"zhongguo"},{set:{country:"zh_CN"}},{multi:true}) # multi的值为true,但是set前没有加"$",所以此次更新操作没有更新数据

WriteResult({

    "nMatched" : 0,
    "nUpserted" : 0,
    "nModified" : 0,
    "writeError" : {
            "code" : 9,
            "errmsg" : "multi update only works with $ operators"
    }

})

db.userinfo.update({country:"zhongguo"},{$set:{country:"zh_CN"}},{multi:true}) # multi的值为true,set前加了"$",所以把所有文档的country字段更新为"zh_CN"
WriteResult({ "nMatched" : 4, "nUpserted" : 0, "nModified" : 4 })

db.userinfo.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f37d25000fc9936a9759"), "set" : { "country" : "zhongguo" } }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38425000fc9936a975a"), "country" : "zh_CN", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "b" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f38625000fc9936a975b"), "country" : "zh_CN", "province" : "sh", "userid" : "c" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39325000fc9936a975c"), "country" : "zh_CN", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "da" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c94f39925000fc9936a975d"), "country" : "zh_CN", "province" : "bj", "userid" : "fa" }
5.删除文档
语法：

db.集合名称.remove(,{justOne: })
参数说明：

query:可选，删除⽂档的条件
justOne:可选， 如果设为true或1， 则只删除⼀条， 默认false， 表示删除多条

例子:

db.test_table01.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939a4f4c9ce97c5b78a0da"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 10 }

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : 1000001, "name" : "xiaobei" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd14c9ce97c5b78a0dc"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd44c9ce97c5b78a0dd"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd74c9ce97c5b78a0de"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 40 }

db.test_table01.remove({name:"xiaobei"}) # 删除所有name为xiaobei的数据

WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 })

db.test_table01.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939a4f4c9ce97c5b78a0da"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 10 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd14c9ce97c5b78a0dc"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd44c9ce97c5b78a0dd"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd74c9ce97c5b78a0de"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 40 }

db.test_table01.remove({name:"xiaoqiang"},{justOne:true}) # 删除一条name等于xiaoqiang的数据

WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 1 })

db.test_table01.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd14c9ce97c5b78a0dc"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd44c9ce97c5b78a0dd"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 30 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939dd74c9ce97c5b78a0de"), "name" : "xiaoqiang", "age" : 40 }

db.test_table01.remove({name:"xiaoqiang"}) # 删除所有name等于xiaoqiang的数据,共删除了3条数据

WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 3 })

db.test_table01.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
6.⽐较运算符查询
MongoDB数据库中的⽐较运算符有：

= 等于,默认是等于判断,没有运算符
$lt ⼩于
$lte ⼩于等于
$gt ⼤于
$gte ⼤于等于
$ne 不等于
例子:

db.test_table01.insert({name:"乔峰",hometown:"丐帮",gender:"male",age:32}) # 向数据表中插入四条数据

WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

db.test_table01.insert({name:"段誉",hometown:"云南大理",gender:"male",age:22})

WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

db.test_table01.insert({name:"虚竹",hometown:"少林寺",gender:"male",age:28})

WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

db.test_table01.insert({name:"王语嫣",hometown:"燕子坞",gender:"female",age:18})

WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

db.test_table01.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理", "gender" : "male", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺", "gender" : "male", "age" : 28 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "hometown" : "燕子坞", "gender" : "female", "age" : 18 }

db.test_table01.find({age:{$lt:20}}) # 查找年龄小于20岁的所有数据

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "hometown" : "燕子坞", "gender" : "female", "age" : 18 }

db.test_table01.find({age:{$lte:25}}) # 查找年龄小于等于25岁的所有数据

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理", "gender" : "male", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "hometown" : "燕子坞", "gender" : "female", "age" : 18 }

db.test_table01.find({age:{$gt:20}}) # 查找年龄大于20岁的所有数据

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理", "gender" : "male", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺", "gender" : "male", "age" : 28 }

db.test_table01.find({age:{$gte:30}}) # 查找年龄大于等于30岁的所有数据

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }

db.test_table01.find({age:{$ne:18}}) # 查找年龄不等于18岁的所有数据

and 条件与，多个条件共同查询
or 条件或，符合一个条件与可
例子:

db.test_table01.find({age:22,gender:"male"}) # 查找所有年龄为22，性别为男的人

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理", "gender" : "male", "age" : 22 }

db.test_table01.find({age:{$gt:20},gender:"male"}) # 查找所有年龄大于20，性别为男的人

db.test_table01.find({$or:[{age:{$gt:20},gender:"male"}]}) # 查找所有年龄大于20或者性别为男的人

db.test_table01.find({$or:[{age:{$gte:20},gender:"male"}]}) # 查找所有年龄大于等于20或者性别为男的人

$in 在范围之内
$nin 不在范围之内
例子:

db.test_table01.find({age:{$in:[18,28,38]}}) # 查找年龄为18或者28或者38的人

db.test_table01.find({age:{$nin:[18,28,38]}}) # 查找年龄不等于18或者28或者38的人

// 后接正则表达式进行查询
$regex 后接正则表达式进行查询
例子:

db.test_table01.find({name:{$regex:'^王'}}) # 查找姓王的所有人

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "hometown" : "燕子坞", "gender" : "female", "age" : 18 }
10.limit和skip
limit() ⽤于读取指定数量的⽂档
skip() ⽤于跳过指定数量的⽂档
语法：

db.集合名称.find({条件⽂档}).skip(number) # 按条件查询，跳过number条数据
db.集合名称.find({条件⽂档}).limit(number) # 按条件查询，取前number条数据
db.集合名称.find({条件⽂档}).limit(10).skip(5) # 按条件查询后，取第6到第10条数据
db.集合名称.find({条件⽂档}).skip(5).limit(4) # 按条件查询后，取第6条到和9条数据
例子:

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"}) # 查询所有的男性

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"}).limit(2) # 查询所有的男性，取前两条数据

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"}).skip(2) # 查询所有的男性，跳过前2条数据

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺", "gender" : "male", "age" : 28 }
11.投影
语法：

db.集合名称.find({},{字段名称:1,...}) # 查询结果，只选择必要的字段
参数为字段与值，值为1表示显示，值为0不显
对于_id列默认是显示的，如果不显示需要明确设置为0

例子:

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"},{name:1,hometown:1}) # 查询所有的男性，显示_id，name和hometown

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺" }

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"},{name:1}) # 查询所有男性，显示name和_id字段

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹" }

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"},{hometown:1}) # 查询所有男性，显示_id和hometown字段

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "hometown" : "丐帮" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "hometown" : "云南大理" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "hometown" : "少林寺" }

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"},{hometown:1,_id:0}) # 查询所有男性，显示hometown，不显示_id字段

{ "hometown" : "丐帮" }
{ "hometown" : "云南大理" }
{ "hometown" : "少林寺" }

db.test_table01.find({},{name:1,age:1}) # 查询所有男性，显示_id和name，age字段

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "age" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "age" : 28 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "age" : 18 }

db.test_table01.find({},{name:1,age:1,_id:0}) # 查询所有男性，显示name，age字段

{ "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "name" : "乔峰", "age" : 32 }
{ "name" : "段誉", "age" : 22 }
{ "name" : "虚竹", "age" : 28 }
{ "name" : "王语嫣", "age" : 18 }
12.排序
sort() 对查询结果进⾏排序
语法：

db.集合名称.find().sort({字段:1,...})

参数1为升序排列
参数-1为降序排列

例子:

db.test_table01.find().sort({age:1}) # 查询所有数据，按age字段升序排列
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "hometown" : "燕子坞", "gender" : "female", "age" : 18 }

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理", "gender" : "male", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺", "gender" : "male", "age" : 28 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }

db.test_table01.find().sort({age:-1}) # 查询所有数据，按age字段降序排列

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺", "gender" : "male", "age" : 28 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理", "gender" : "male", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "hometown" : "燕子坞", "gender" : "female", "age" : 18 }

db.test_table01.find().sort({name:-1}) # 查询所有数据，按name字段降序排列

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺", "gender" : "male", "age" : 28 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1fd4c9ce97c5b78a0e6"), "name" : "王语嫣", "hometown" : "燕子坞", "gender" : "female", "age" : 18 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1e74c9ce97c5b78a0e4"), "name" : "段誉", "hometown" : "云南大理", "gender" : "male", "age" : 22 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c939adc4c9ce97c5b78a0db"), "name" : "xiaozhao", "age" : 20 }

db.test_table01.find().sort({hometown:1}) # 查询所有数据，按hometown字段升序排列

db.test_table01.find({age:{$gt:25}}).sort({age:1}) # 查询age大于25的所有数据，按age字段升序排列

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1f14c9ce97c5b78a0e5"), "name" : "虚竹", "hometown" : "少林寺", "gender" : "male", "age" : 28 }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }
13.统计个数
count() 统计结果集中⽂档条数
语法：

db.集合名称.find({查询条件}).count()
db.集合名称.count({查询条件})
例子:

db.test_table01.find({}).count() # 查询所有数据的数量

db.test_table01.find({age:{$gt:25}}).count() # 查询age大于25的所有数据的总数

db.test_table01.find({gender:"male"}).count() # 查询gender等于male的所有数据的总数

3
14.去重
distinct() 对数据进⾏去重
语法：

db.集合名称.distinct('去重字段',{条件})
例子:

db.test_table01.distinct("gender") # 对gemder字段进行去重

[ "male", "female" ]

db.test_table01.distinct("gender",{age:{$gt:20}}) # 对age大于20的所有数据的gender字段信息进行去重

[ "male" ]

db.test_table01.distinct("age") # 对所有数据的age字段进行去重

[ 20, 32, 22, 28, 18 ]

db.test_table01.distinct("name") # 对所有数据的name字段进行去重

[ "xiaozhao", "乔峰", "段誉", "虚竹", "王语嫣" ]
15.⾃定义查询
语法：

使⽤$where后⾯写⼀个函数，返回满⾜条件的数据
例子:

db.test_table01.find({$where:function(){return this.age > 30}}) # 查询age大于30的所有数据

{ "_id" : ObjectId("5c93a1d64c9ce97c5b78a0e3"), "name" : "乔峰", "hometown" : "丐帮", "gender" : "male", "age" : 32 }
原文地址https://www.cnblogs.com/renpingsheng/p/10582698.html

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