版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。 https://blog.csdn.net/beliefer/article/details/51585006
前言
熟悉Tomcat的工程师们，肯定都知道Tomcat是如何启动与停止的。对于startup.sh、startup.bat、shutdown.sh、shutdown.bat等脚本或者批处理命令，大家一定知道改如何使用它，但是它们究竟是如何实现的，尤其是shutdown.sh脚本（或者shutdown.bat）究竟是如何和Tomcat进程通信的呢？本文将通过对Tomcat7.0的源码阅读，深入剖析这一过程。
由于在生产环境中，Tomcat一般部署在Linux系统下，所以本文将以startup.sh和shutdown.sh等shell脚本为准，对Tomcat的启动与停止进行分析。
启动过程分析
我们启动Tomcat的命令如下：
sh startup.sh所以，将从shell脚本startup.sh开始分析Tomcat的启动过程。startup.sh的脚本代码见代码清单1。
代码清单1
os400=false
case "`uname`" in
OS400*) os400=true;;
esac
# resolve links - $0 may be a softlink
PRG="$0"
while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do
ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then
PRG="$link"
else
PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`/"$link"
fi
done
PRGDIR=`dirname "$PRG"`
EXECUTABLE=catalina.sh
# Check that target executable exists
if $os400; then
# -x will Only work on the os400 if the files are:
# 1. owned by the user
# 2. owned by the PRIMARY group of the user
# this will not work if the user belongs in secondary groups
eval
else
if [ ! -x "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" ]; then
echo "Cannot find $PRGDIR/$EXECUTABLE"
echo "The file is absent or does not have execute permission"
echo "This file is needed to run this program"
exit 1
fi
fi
exec "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" start "$@"代码清单1中有两个主要的变量，分别是：
- PRGDIR：当前shell脚本所在的路径；
- EXECUTABLE：脚本catalina.sh。
根据最后一行代码：exec "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" start "$@"，我们知道执行了shell脚本catalina.sh，并且传递参数start。catalina.sh中接收到start参数后的执行的脚本分支见代码清单2。
代码清单2
elif [ "$1" = "start" ] ; then
# 此处省略参数校验的脚本
shift
touch "$CATALINA_OUT"
if [ "$1" = "-security" ] ; then
if [ $have_tty -eq 1 ]; then
echo "Using Security Manager"
fi
shift
eval "\"$_RUNJAVA\"" "\"$LOGGING_CONFIG\"" $LOGGING_MANAGER $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="\"$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS\"" -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" \
-Djava.security.manager \
-Djava.security.policy=="\"$CATALINA_BASE/conf/catalina.policy\"" \
-Dcatalina.base="\"$CATALINA_BASE\"" \
-Dcatalina.home="\"$CATALINA_HOME\"" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="\"$CATALINA_TMPDIR\"" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start \
>> "$CATALINA_OUT" 2>&1 "&"
else
eval "\"$_RUNJAVA\"" "\"$LOGGING_CONFIG\"" $LOGGING_MANAGER $JAVA_OPTS $CATALINA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="\"$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS\"" -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" \
-Dcatalina.base="\"$CATALINA_BASE\"" \
-Dcatalina.home="\"$CATALINA_HOME\"" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="\"$CATALINA_TMPDIR\"" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" start \
>> "$CATALINA_OUT" 2>&1 "&"
fi
if [ ! -z "$CATALINA_PID" ]; then
echo $! > "$CATALINA_PID"
fi
echo "Tomcat started."从代码清单2可以看出，最终使用java命令执行了org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap类中的main方法，参数也是start。Bootstrap的main方法的实现见代码清单3。
代码清单3
/**
* Main method, used for testing only.
*
* @param args Command line arguments to be processed
*/
public static void main(String args[]) {
if (daemon == null) {
// Don't set daemon until init() has completed
Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();
try {
bootstrap.init();
} catch (Throwable t) {
t.printStackTrace();
return;
}
daemon = bootstrap;
}
try {
String command = "start";
if (args.length > 0) {
command = args[args.length - 1];
}
if (command.equals("startd")) {
args[args.length - 1] = "start";
daemon.load(args);
daemon.start();
} else if (command.equals("stopd")) {
args[args.length - 1] = "stop";
daemon.stop();
} else if (command.equals("start")) {
daemon.setAwait(true);
daemon.load(args);
daemon.start();
} else if (command.equals("stop")) {
daemon.stopServer(args);
} else {
log.warn("Bootstrap: command \"" + command + "\" does not exist.");
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
t.printStackTrace();
}
}从代码清单3可以看出，当传递参数start的时候，command等于start，此时main方法的执行步骤如下：
步骤一 初始化Bootstrap
Bootstrap的init方法（见代码清单4）的执行步骤如下:
- 设置Catalina路径，默认为Tomcat的根目录；
- 初始化Tomcat的类加载器，并设置线程上下文类加载器（具体实现细节，读者可以参考《Tomcat7.0源码分析——类加载体系》一文）；
- 用反射实例化org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina对象，并且使用反射调用其setParentClassLoader方法，给Catalina对象设置Tomcat类加载体系的顶级加载器（Java自带的三种类加载器除外）。
代码清单4
/**
* Initialize daemon.
*/
public void init()
throws Exception
{
// Set Catalina path
setCatalinaHome();
setCatalinaBase();
initClassLoaders();
Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(catalinaLoader);
SecurityClassLoad.securityClassLoad(catalinaLoader);
// Load our startup class and call its process() method
if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Loading startup class");
Class<?> startupClass =
catalinaLoader.loadClass
("org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina");
Object startupInstance = startupClass.newInstance();
// Set the shared extensions class loader
if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Setting startup class properties");
String methodName = "setParentClassLoader";
Class<?> paramTypes[] = new Class[1];
paramTypes[0] = Class.forName("java.lang.ClassLoader");
Object paramValues[] = new Object[1];
paramValues[0] = sharedLoader;
Method method =
startupInstance.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
method.invoke(startupInstance, paramValues);
catalinaDaemon = startupInstance;
}步骤二 加载、解析server.xml配置文件
当传递参数start的时候，会调用Bootstrap的load方法（见代码清单5），其作用是用反射调用catalinaDaemon（类型是Catalina）的load方法加载和解析server.xml配置文件，具体细节已在《Tomcat7.0源码分析——server.xml文件的加载与解析》一文中详细介绍，有兴趣的朋友可以选择阅读。
代码清单5
/**
* Load daemon.
*/
private void load(String[] arguments)
throws Exception {
// Call the load() method
String methodName = "load";
Object param[];
Class<?> paramTypes[];
if (arguments==null || arguments.length==0) {
paramTypes = null;
param = null;
} else {
paramTypes = new Class[1];
paramTypes[0] = arguments.getClass();
param = new Object[1];
param[0] = arguments;
}
Method method =
catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod(methodName, paramTypes);
if (log.isDebugEnabled())
log.debug("Calling startup class " + method);
method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, param);
}步骤三 启动Tomcat
当传递参数start的时候，调用Bootstrap的load方法之后会接着调用start方法（见代码清单6）启动Tomcat，此方法实际是用反射调用了catalinaDaemon（类型是Catalina）的start方法。
代码清单6
/**
* Start the Catalina daemon.
*/
public void start()
throws Exception {
if( catalinaDaemon==null ) init();
Method method = catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod("start", (Class [] )null);
method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, (Object [])null);
}Catalina的start方法（见代码清单7）的执行步骤如下：
- 验证Server容器是否已经实例化。如果没有实例化Server容器，还会再次调用Catalina的load方法加载和解析server.xml，这也说明Tomcat只允许Server容器通过配置在server.xml的方式生成，用户也可以自己实现Server接口创建自定义的Server容器以取代默认的StandardServer。
- 启动Server容器，有关容器的启动过程的分析可以参考《Tomcat7.0源码分析——生命周期管理》一文的内容。
- 设置关闭钩子。这么说可能有些不好理解，那就换个说法。Tomcat本身可能由于所在机器断点，程序bug甚至内存溢出导致进程退出，但是Tomcat可能需要在退出的时候做一些清理工作，比如：内存清理、对象销毁等。这些清理动作需要封装在一个Thread的实现中，然后将此Thread对象作为参数传递给Runtime的addShutdownHook方法即可。
- 最后调用Catalina的await方法循环等待接收Tomcat的shutdown命令。
- 如果Tomcat运行正常且没有收到shutdown命令，是不会向下执行stop方法的，当接收到shutdown命令，Catalina的await方法会退出循环等待，然后顺序执行stop方法停止Tomcat。
代码清单7
/**
* Start a new server instance.
*/
public void start() {
if (getServer() == null) {
load();
}
if (getServer() == null) {
log.fatal("Cannot start server. Server instance is not configured.");
return;
}
long t1 = System.nanoTime();
// Start the new server
try {
getServer().start();
} catch (LifecycleException e) {
log.error("Catalina.start: ", e);
}
long t2 = System.nanoTime();
if(log.isInfoEnabled())
log.info("Server startup in " + ((t2 - t1) / 1000000) + " ms");
try {
// Register shutdown hook
if (useShutdownHook) {
if (shutdownHook == null) {
shutdownHook = new CatalinaShutdownHook();
}
Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
// If JULI is being used, disable JULI's shutdown hook since
// shutdown hooks run in parallel and log messages may be lost
// if JULI's hook completes before the CatalinaShutdownHook()
LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(
false);
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
// This will fail on JDK 1.2. Ignoring, as Tomcat can run
// fine without the shutdown hook.
}
if (await) {
await();
stop();
}
}
代码清单8
/**
* Await and shutdown.
*/
public void await() {
getServer().await();
}- 创建socket连接的服务端对象ServerSocket；
- 循环等待接收客户端发出的命令，如果接收到的命令与SHUTDOWN匹配（由于使用了equals，所以shutdown命令必须是大写的），那么退出循环等待。
代码清单9
public void await() {
// Negative values - don't wait on port - tomcat is embedded or we just don't like ports gja
if( port == -2 ) {
// undocumented yet - for embedding apps that are around, alive.
return;
}
if( port==-1 ) {
while( true ) {
try {
Thread.sleep( 10000 );
} catch( InterruptedException ex ) {
}
if( stopAwait ) return;
}
}
// Set up a server socket to wait on
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
try {
serverSocket =
new ServerSocket(port, 1,
InetAddress.getByName(address));
} catch (IOException e) {
log.error("StandardServer.await: create[" + address
+ ":" + port
+ "]: ", e);
System.exit(1);
}
// Loop waiting for a connection and a valid command
while (true) {
// Wait for the next connection
Socket socket = null;
InputStream stream = null;
try {
socket = serverSocket.accept();
socket.setSoTimeout(10 * 1000); // Ten seconds
stream = socket.getInputStream();
} catch (AccessControlException ace) {
log.warn("StandardServer.accept security exception: "
+ ace.getMessage(), ace);
continue;
} catch (IOException e) {
log.error("StandardServer.await: accept: ", e);
System.exit(1);
}
// Read a set of characters from the socket
StringBuilder command = new StringBuilder();
int expected = 1024; // Cut off to avoid DoS attack
while (expected < shutdown.length()) {
if (random == null)
random = new Random();
expected += (random.nextInt() % 1024);
}
while (expected > 0) {
int ch = -1;
try {
ch = stream.read();
} catch (IOException e) {
log.warn("StandardServer.await: read: ", e);
ch = -1;
}
if (ch < 32) // Control character or EOF terminates loop
break;
command.append((char) ch);
expected--;
}
// Close the socket now that we are done with it
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// Ignore
}
// Match against our command string
boolean match = command.toString().equals(shutdown);
if (match) {
log.info(sm.getString("standardServer.shutdownViaPort"));
break;
} else
log.warn("StandardServer.await: Invalid command '" +
command.toString() + "' received");
}
// Close the server socket and return
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// Ignore
}
}停止过程分析
我们停止Tomcat的命令如下：
sh shutdown.sh
代码清单10
os400=false
case "`uname`" in
OS400*) os400=true;;
esac
# resolve links - $0 may be a softlink
PRG="$0"
while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do
ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"`
link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'`
if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then
PRG="$link"
else
PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`/"$link"
fi
done
PRGDIR=`dirname "$PRG"`
EXECUTABLE=catalina.sh
# Check that target executable exists
if $os400; then
# -x will Only work on the os400 if the files are:
# 1. owned by the user
# 2. owned by the PRIMARY group of the user
# this will not work if the user belongs in secondary groups
eval
else
if [ ! -x "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" ]; then
echo "Cannot find $PRGDIR/$EXECUTABLE"
echo "The file is absent or does not have execute permission"
echo "This file is needed to run this program"
exit 1
fi
fi
exec "$PRGDIR"/"$EXECUTABLE" stop "$@"- PRGDIR：当前shell脚本所在的路径；
- EXECUTABLE：脚本catalina.sh。
代码清单11
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ] ; then
#省略参数校验脚本
eval "\"$_RUNJAVA\"" $LOGGING_MANAGER $JAVA_OPTS \
-Djava.endorsed.dirs="\"$JAVA_ENDORSED_DIRS\"" -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" \
-Dcatalina.base="\"$CATALINA_BASE\"" \
-Dcatalina.home="\"$CATALINA_HOME\"" \
-Djava.io.tmpdir="\"$CATALINA_TMPDIR\"" \
org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap "$@" stop步骤一 初始化Bootstrap
已经在启动过程分析中介绍， 不再赘述。
步骤二 停止服务
通过调用Bootstrap的stopServer方法（见代码清单12）停止Tomcat，其实质是用反射调用catalinaDaemon（类型是Catalina）的stopServer方法。
代码清单12
/**
* Stop the standalone server.
*/
public void stopServer(String[] arguments)
throws Exception {
Object param[];
Class<?> paramTypes[];
if (arguments==null || arguments.length==0) {
paramTypes = null;
param = null;
} else {
paramTypes = new Class[1];
paramTypes[0] = arguments.getClass();
param = new Object[1];
param[0] = arguments;
}
Method method =
catalinaDaemon.getClass().getMethod("stopServer", paramTypes);
method.invoke(catalinaDaemon, param);
}- 创建Digester解析server.xml文件（此处只解析标签），以构造出Server容器（此时Server容器的子容器没有被实例化）；
- 从实例化的Server容器获取Server的socket监听端口和地址，然后创建Socket对象连接启动Tomcat时创建的ServerSocket，最后向ServerSocket发送SHUTDOWN命令。根据代码清单9的内容，ServerSocket循环等待接收到SHUTDOWN命令后，最终调用stop方法停止Tomcat。
代码清单13
public void stopServer() {
stopServer(null);
}
public void stopServer(String[] arguments) {
if (arguments != null) {
arguments(arguments);
}
if( getServer() == null ) {
// Create and execute our Digester
Digester digester = createStopDigester();
digester.setClassLoader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
File file = configFile();
try {
InputSource is =
new InputSource("file://" + file.getAbsolutePath());
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
is.setByteStream(fis);
digester.push(this);
digester.parse(is);
fis.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("Catalina.stop: ", e);
System.exit(1);
}
}
// Stop the existing server
try {
if (getServer().getPort()>0) {
Socket socket = new Socket(getServer().getAddress(),
getServer().getPort());
OutputStream stream = socket.getOutputStream();
String shutdown = getServer().getShutdown();
for (int i = 0; i < shutdown.length(); i++)
stream.write(shutdown.charAt(i));
stream.flush();
stream.close();
socket.close();
} else {
log.error(sm.getString("catalina.stopServer"));
System.exit(1);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
log.error("Catalina.stop: ", e);
System.exit(1);
}
}- 将启动过程中添加的关闭钩子移除。Tomcat启动过程辛辛苦苦添加的关闭钩子为什么又要去掉呢？因为关闭钩子是为了在JVM异常退出后，进行资源的回收工作。主动停止Tomcat时调用的stop方法里已经包含了资源回收的内容，所以不再需要这个钩子了。
- 停止Server容器。有关容器的停止内容，请阅读《Tomcat7.0源码分析——生命周期管理》一文。
代码清单14
/**
* Stop an existing server instance.
*/
public void stop() {
try {
// Remove the ShutdownHook first so that server.stop()
// doesn't get invoked twice
if (useShutdownHook) {
Runtime.getRuntime().removeShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
// If JULI is being used, re-enable JULI's shutdown to ensure
// log messages are not lost jiaan
LogManager logManager = LogManager.getLogManager();
if (logManager instanceof ClassLoaderLogManager) {
((ClassLoaderLogManager) logManager).setUseShutdownHook(
true);
}
}
} catch (Throwable t) {
// This will fail on JDK 1.2. Ignoring, as Tomcat can run
// fine without the shutdown hook.
}
// Shut down the server
try {
getServer().stop();
} catch (LifecycleException e) {
log.error("Catalina.stop", e);
}
}总结
通过对Tomcat源码的分析我们了解到Tomcat的启动和停止都离不开org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap。当停止Tomcat时，已经启动的Tomcat作为socket服务端，停止脚本启动的Bootstrap进程作为socket客户端向服务端发送shutdown命令，两个进程通过共享server.xml里Server标签的端口以及地址信息打通了socket的通信。
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