一、Heartbeat原理介绍
二、环境准备
1、拓扑结构图
2、服务器准备
| 服务器名称 | IP | 服务 | 系统 |
| node1.wzlinux.com | VIP:192.168.0.18 eht0:192.168.0.10 |
HTTP、Heartbeat | CentOS 6.4 32位 |
| node2.wzlinux.com | VIP:192.168.0.18 eht0:192.168.0.11 |
HTTP、Heartbeat | CentOS 6.4 32位 |
| nfs.wzlinux.com | eth0:192.168.0.12 | NFS | CentOS 6.4 32位 |
注：请提前关闭防火墙和SELinux，设定好时间同步，因为SELinux会影响web的启动。
3、设定hosts文件
请在两台高可用设备hosts文件添加如下内容
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192.168.0.10 node1.wzlinux.com node1
192.168.0.11 node2.wzlinux.com node2
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4、设定双机SSH互信
node1
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ssh
-keygen -t rsa -P
''
ssh
-copy-
id
-i .
ssh
/id_rsa
.pub root@node2.wzlinux.com
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node2
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ssh
-keygen -t rsa -P
''
ssh
-copy-
id
-i .
ssh
/id_rsa
.pub root@node1.wzlinux.com
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5、准备好服务
提前准备好两台高可用服务的WEB服务，准备好NFS服务，并且挂载配置好，这里不再进行演示，如有需求请点击查看文章 NFS配置 ，我简单演示一下nfs的创建。
在nfs服务器上面操作
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mkdir
/web
echo
"The Web in the NFS"
>
/web/index
.html
#cat /etc/exports
/web
192.168.0.0
/24
(rw,no_root_squash)
service nfs start
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分别在node1和node2上面进行挂载
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mount
-t nfs 192.168.0.12:
/web
/vaw/www/html
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然后分别启动web服务，请一定要关闭SELinux。
分别访问192.168.0.10和192.168.0.11查看，如果都出现The Web in the NFS，证明我们的WEB服务已经搭建好了，下面就是配置Heartbeat的时候了。
三、Heartbeat的安装
1、软件安装
请大家提前安装好epel，然后通过yum进行安装
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yum
install
heartbeat -y
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2、查看生产的文件
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rpm -ql heartbeat
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/etc/ha
.d
/etc/ha
.d
/README
.config
…… ……
/usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3
.0.4
/README
/usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3
.0.4
/apphbd
.cf
/usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3
.0.4
/authkeys
#认证文件
/usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3
.0.4
/ha
.cf
#主配置文件，心跳
/usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3
.0.4
/haresources
#资源配置文件，CRM
/usr/share/heartbeat
/usr/share/heartbeat/BasicSanityCheck
…… ……
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四、Heartbeat的配置
我们选用的是heartbeat v1，主要有三个配置文件ha.cf、haresources、authkeys。
这三个文件默认没有在其配置目录，我们需要手动把它们复制进/etc/ha.d目录下面，authkeys需要权限设定为600，这三个配置文件在node1和node2上面一样，配置好一端传输到另一端即可。
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cp
-p
/usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3
.0.4/{authkeys,ha.cf,haresources}
/etc/ha
.d/
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1、ha.cf主配置文件
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#
# There are lots of options in this file. All you have to have is a set
# of nodes listed {"node ...} one of {serial, bcast, mcast, or ucast},
# and a value for "auto_failback".
#
# ATTENTION: As the configuration file is read line by line,
# THE ORDER OF DIRECTIVE MATTERS!
#
# In particular, make sure that the udpport, serial baud rate
# etc. are set before the heartbeat media are defined!
# debug and log file directives go into effect when they
# are encountered.
#
# All will be fine if you keep them ordered as in this example.
#
#
# Note on logging:
# If all of debugfile, logfile and logfacility are not defined,
# logging is the same as use_logd yes. In other case, they are
# respectively effective. if detering the logging to syslog,
# logfacility must be "none".
#
# File to write debug messages to
#debugfile /var/log/ha-debug #调试日志文件
#
#
# File to write other messages to
#
logfile
/var/log/ha-log
#系统运行日志文件
#
#
# Facility to use for syslog()/logger
#
#logfacility local0
#
#
# A note on specifying "how long" times below...
#
# The default time unit is seconds
# 10 means ten seconds
#
# You can also specify them in milliseconds
# 1500ms means 1.5 seconds
#
#
# keepalive: how long between heartbeats?
#
keepalive 2
#心跳频率，2表示2秒；200ms则表示200毫秒，表示多久发生一次心跳
#
# deadtime: how long-to-declare-host-dead?
#
# If you set this too low you will get the problematic
# split-brain (or cluster partition) problem.
# See the FAQ for how to use warntime to tune deadtime.
#
deadtime 30
#节点死亡时间，就是过了30秒后还没有收到心跳就认为主节点死亡
#
# warntime: how long before issuing "late heartbeat" warning?
# See the FAQ for how to use warntime to tune deadtime.
#
warntime 10
#告警时间，10秒钟没有收到心跳则写一条警告到日志
#
#
# Very first dead time (initdead)
#
# On some machines/OSes, etc. the network takes a while to come up
# and start working right after you've been rebooted. As a result
# we have a separate dead time for when things first come up.
# It should be at least twice the normal dead time.
#
initdead 120
#初始化时间
#
#
# What UDP port to use for bcast/ucast communication?
#
udpport 694
#心跳信息传递的udp端口
#
# Baud rate for serial ports...
#
#baud 19200 #串行端口传输速率
#
# serial serialportname ...
#serial /dev/ttyS0 # Linux
#serial /dev/cuaa0 # FreeBSD
#serial /dev/cuad0 # FreeBSD 6.x
#serial /dev/cua/a # Solaris
#
#
# What interfaces to broadcast heartbeats over?
#
#bcast eth0 # Linux
#bcast eth1 eth2 # Linux
#bcast le0 # Solaris
#bcast le1 le2 # Solaris
#
# Set up a multicast heartbeat medium
# mcast [dev] [mcast group] [port] [ttl] [loop]
#
# [dev] device to send/rcv heartbeats on
# [mcast group] multicast group to join (class D multicast address
# 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255)
# [port] udp port to sendto/rcvfrom (set this value to the
# same value as "udpport" above)
# [ttl] the ttl value for outbound heartbeats. this effects
# how far the multicast packet will propagate. (0-255)
# Must be greater than zero.
# [loop] toggles loopback for outbound multicast heartbeats.
# if enabled, an outbound packet will be looped back and
# received by the interface it was sent on. (0 or 1)
# Set this value to zero.
#
#
mcast eth0 225.0.18.1 694 1 0
#通过eth0多播传输心跳
#
# Set up a unicast / udp heartbeat medium
# ucast [dev] [peer-ip-addr]
#
# [dev] device to send/rcv heartbeats on
# [peer-ip-addr] IP address of peer to send packets to
#
#ucast eth0 192.168.1.2
#
#
# About boolean values...
#
# Any of the following case-insensitive values will work for true:
# true, on, yes, y, 1
# Any of the following case-insensitive values will work for false:
# false, off, no, n, 0
#
#
#
# auto_failback: determines whether a resource will
# automatically fail back to its "primary" node, or remain
# on whatever node is serving it until that node fails, or
# an administrator intervenes.
#
# The possible values for auto_failback are:
# on - enable automatic failbacks
# off - disable automatic failbacks
# legacy - enable automatic failbacks in systems
# where all nodes do not yet support
# the auto_failback option.
#
# auto_failback "on" and "off" are backwards compatible with the old
# "nice_failback on" setting.
#
# See the FAQ for information on how to convert
# from "legacy" to "on" without a flash cut.
# (i.e., using a "rolling upgrade" process)
#
# The default value for auto_failback is "legacy", which
# will issue a warning at startup. So, make sure you put
# an auto_failback directive in your ha.cf file.
# (note: auto_failback can be any boolean or "legacy")
#
auto_failback on
#当主节点恢复时，资源重新回到主节点
#
#
# Basic STONITH support
# Using this directive assumes that there is one stonith
# device in the cluster. Parameters to this device are
# read from a configuration file. The format of this line is:
#
# stonith <stonith_type> <configfile>
#
# NOTE: it is up to you to maintain this file on each node in the
# cluster!
#
#stonith baytech /etc/ha.d/conf/stonith.baytech
#
# STONITH support
# You can configure multiple stonith devices using this directive.
# The format of the line is:
# stonith_host <hostfrom> <stonith_type> <params...>
# <hostfrom> is the machine the stonith device is attached
# to or * to mean it is accessible from any host.
# <stonith_type> is the type of stonith device (a list of
# supported drives is in /usr/lib/stonith.)
# <params...> are driver specific parameters. To see the
# format for a particular device, run:
# stonith -l -t <stonith_type>
#
#
# Note that if you put your stonith device access information in
# here, and you make this file publically readable, you're asking
# for a denial of service attack ;-)
#
# To get a list of supported stonith devices, run
# stonith -L
# For detailed information on which stonith devices are supported
# and their detailed configuration options, run this command:
# stonith -h
#
#stonith_host * baytech 10.0.0.3 mylogin mysecretpassword
#stonith_host ken3 rps10 /dev/ttyS1 kathy 0
#stonith_host kathy rps10 /dev/ttyS1 ken3 0
#
# Watchdog is the watchdog timer. If our own heart doesn't beat for
# a minute, then our machine will reboot.
# NOTE: If you are using the software watchdog, you very likely
# wish to load the module with the parameter "nowayout=0" or
# compile it without CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT set. Otherwise even
# an orderly shutdown of heartbeat will trigger a reboot, which is
# very likely NOT what you want.
#
#watchdog /dev/watchdog
#
# Tell what machines are in the cluster
# node nodename ... -- must match uname -n
#node ken3
#node kathy
node node1.wzlinux.com
#主节点名称，与uname -n显示必须一致
node node2.wzlinux.com
#备节点名称，与uname -n显示必须一致
#
# Less common options...
#
# Treats 10.10.10.254 as a psuedo-cluster-member
# Used together with ipfail below...
# note: don't use a cluster node as ping node
#
ping
192.168.0.1
#通过ping网关来监测心跳是否正常
#
# Treats 10.10.10.254 and 10.10.10.253 as a psuedo-cluster-member
# called group1. If either 10.10.10.254 or 10.10.10.253 are up
# then group1 is up
# Used together with ipfail below...
…… ……
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2、authkeys认证文件
为了安全起见，并不是所有加入集群，加入多播的设备就可以传递心跳，还需要对彼此对方进行身份验证，这个验证文件的权限必须是600，文件内容如下：
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#
# Authentication file. Must be mode 600
#
#
# Must have exactly one auth directive at the front.
# auth send authentication using this method-id
#
# Then, list the method and key that go with that method-id
#
# Available methods: crc sha1, md5. Crc doesn't need/want a key.
#
# You normally only have one authentication method-id listed in this file
#
# Put more than one to make a smooth transition when changing auth
# methods and/or keys.
#
#
# sha1 is believed to be the "best", md5 next best.
#
# crc adds no security, except from packet corruption.
# Use only on physically secure networks.
#
auth 2
#1 crc
2 sha1 Om8iO0DPnNMJ7OpQjdxBaQ
#3 md5 Hello!
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sha1后面的字符串可以随便填写，我这里是取得随机数，命令如下为openssl rand -base64 16
3、haresources资源配置文件
这个文件是用来配置资源的，比如VIP，WEB服务，磁盘挂载等等，我们在文件最后添加我们配置的资源。
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…… ……
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Simple case: One service address, default subnet and netmask
# No servers that go up and down with the IP address
#
#just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.110
#
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# Assuming the adminstrative addresses are on the same subnet...
# A little more complex case: One service address, default subnet
# and netmask, and you want to start and stop http when you get
# the IP address...
#
#just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.110 http
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# A little more complex case: Three service addresses, default subnet
# and netmask, and you want to start and stop http when you get
# the IP address...
#
#just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.110 135.9.215.111 135.9.216.112 httpd
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# One service address, with the subnet, interface and bcast addr
# explicitly defined.
#
#just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.3/28/eth0/135.9.216.12 httpd
#
#-------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# An example where a shared filesystem is to be used.
# Note that multiple aguments are passed to this script using
# the delimiter '::' to separate each argument.
#
#node1 10.0.0.170 Filesystem::/dev/sda1::/data1::ext2
#
# Regarding the node-names in this file:
#
# They must match the names of the nodes listed in ha.cf, which in turn
# must match the `uname -n` of some node in the cluster. So they aren't
# virtual in any sense of the word.
#
node1.wzlinux.com IPaddr::192.168.0.18
/24/eth0
httpd Filesystem::192.168.0.12:
/web
::
/var/www/html
::nfs
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其中192.168.0.18是VIP，后面代表磁盘的挂载情况。
五、服务启动及检测
1、服务启动
分别在node1和node2上面执行以下命令
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service heartbeat start
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2、查看启动日志
# cat /var/log
node1
node2
从日志文件我们可以看出详细的启动过程，包括各种资源的启动，心跳的传播，如果显示的内容和我截图的内容差不多，没有什么ERROR的项目输出，就证明我们的服务启动成功了。
3、检验服务的高可用
在node1上面我们可以查看VIP、NFS、Httpd是否全部起来来进一步验证
验证VIP
验证NFS是否挂载成功
验证WEB服务是否启动
在客户端浏览器中输入http://192.168.0.18，如显示一下内容证明服务正常运行
接着我们手动把node1调为备节点，看看现实是否变化，如果没有变化证明一切正常。
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/usr/share/heartbeat/hb_standby
#调整节点为备节点
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调为备几点之后，客户端并没有发现变化，其实资源都已经转移到node2节点上面运行，我们可以查看日志内容了解转移过程。
node1:
node2
如果想要手动把资源接管回来可以使用命令/usr/share/heartbeat/hb_takeover。
本文转自 wzlinux 51CTO博客，原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/wzlinux/1720487，如需转载请自行联系原作者
