[usaco]3.1.5 stamps

Stamps

Given a set of N stamp values (e.g., {1 cent, 3 cents}) and an upper limit K to the number of stamps that can fit on an envelope, calculate the largest unbroken list of postages from 1 cent to M cents that can be created.

For example, consider stamps whose values are limited to 1 cent and 3 cents; you can use at most 5 stamps. It's easy to see how to assemble postage of 1 through 5 cents (just use that many 1 cent stamps), and successive values aren't much harder:

6 = 3 + 3
7 = 3 + 3 + 1
8 = 3 + 3 + 1 + 1
9 = 3 + 3 + 3
10 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 1
11 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 1
12 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
13 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 1.
However, there is no way to make 14 cents of postage with 5 or fewer stamps of value 1 and 3 cents. Thus, for this set of two stamp values and a limit of K=5, the answer is M=13.

The most difficult test case for this problem has a time limit of 3 seconds.

PROGRAM NAME: stamps
INPUT FORMAT
Line 1:  Two integers K and N. K (1 <= K <= 200) is the total number of stamps that can be used. N (1 <= N <= 50) is the number of stamp values. 
Lines 2..end: N integers, 15 per line, listing all of the N stamp values, each of which will be at most 10000. 

SAMPLE INPUT (file stamps.in)
5 2
1 3

OUTPUT FORMAT
Line 1: One integer, the number of contiguous postage values starting at 1 cent that can be formed using no more than K stamps from the set.

SAMPLE OUTPUT (file stamps.out)
13

---------------------------
这个题的要点是使用索引，因为最终的结果值可能非常大，如果使用空间不善的话，会超出系统给出的值。
通过动态规划，计算某个值要使用的最少的stamp数目，来自于i-value[x]的的stamp数目。
关键点在这里：
for(int i=0;;i++)
 {
  if(results[INDEX(i)]>k)
  {
   ptr=i;
   break;
  }
  for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
  {
   if(results[INDEX(i+values[j])]==-1||((results[INDEX(i+values[j])])>(results[INDEX(i)]+1)))
    results[INDEX(i+values[j])]=results[INDEX(i)]+1;
  }
  results[INDEX(i)]=-1;
 }
这道题目我提交了6次，就是因为刚开始估计使用空间时失误，没想到结果会那么大。后来只好采用索引了。
采用索引之后使用的空间可能会很小，但也不好说每一个周期需要多少，只好采用一个很大的值。
我的程序最终结果，最复杂的一个结果使用的时间才0.6s，远远小于系统提供的最大时间3s：
USER: Ma yunlei [yunleis2]
TASK: stamps
LANG: C++

Compiling...
Compile: OK

Executing...
   Test 1: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 2: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 3: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 4: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 5: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 6: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 7: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 8: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 9: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 10: TEST OK [0.081 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 11: TEST OK [0.648 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 12: TEST OK [0.135 secs, 3412 KB]
   Test 13: TEST OK [0.000 secs, 3412 KB]

All tests OK.
Your program ('stamps') produced all correct answers!  This is your
submission #6 for this problem.  Congratulations!

Here are the test data inputs:

------- test 1 ----
5 2
1 3
------- test 2 ----
1 4
1 2 3 5
------- test 3 ----
2 4
1 2 4 8
------- test 4 ----
4 4
1 2 4 8
------- test 5 ----
20 1
1
------- test 6 ----
40 3
5 1 2
------- test 7 ----
3 10
29 50 36 43 1 2 4 8 15 22
------- test 8 ----
6 10
1 2 9 31 255 480 4 15 63 127
------- test 9 ----
8 12
1 2 4 15 9 31 63 127 255 511 1000 1999
------- test 10 ----
200 14
1 2 4 15 9 31 63 2100 3500 127 255 511 1000 1999
------- test 11 ----
200 50
1 37 87 14 137 4016 157 5383 7318 8662 7074 2821 5250 9704 8986
1375 6587 5962 7190 339 1981 9719 7012 385 7926 5159 3259 5144 7846 8854
3249 3198 8408 2784 6249 4648 6799 2757 31 4116 7771 3456 3288 3020 3159
8625 747 9745 938 10000
------- test 12 ----
200 15
1 3 14 59 265 358 979 323 846 26 433 832 7950 28 841
------- test 13 ----
200 15
1 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 100 100 100

Keep up the good work!

Thanks for your submission!
的：
----------------------------------------------------------- 

/*
ID:yunleis2
PROG:stamps
LANG:C++
*/
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;
int values[50];
const unsigned int maxnum=100000;
int results[maxnum];
#define INDEX(x) ((x)%maxnum)
int main()
{
	int k,n;
	fstream fin("stamps.in",ios::in);
	fin>>k>>n;
	for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
		fin>>values[i];
	for(int i=0;i<maxnum;i++)
		results[INDEX(i)]=-1;
	results[INDEX(0)]=0;
	int ptr=-1;
	for(int i=0;;i++)
	{
		if(results[INDEX(i)]>k)
		{
			ptr=i;
			break;
		}
		for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
		{
			if(results[INDEX(i+values[j])]==-1||((results[INDEX(i+values[j])])>(results[INDEX(i)]+1)))
				results[INDEX(i+values[j])]=results[INDEX(i)]+1;
		}
		results[INDEX(i)]=-1;
	}
	if(ptr==-1)
		cout<<"error"<<endl;
	fstream fout("stamps.out",ios::out);
	for(int i=ptr;i>=0;i--)
	{
		if(results[INDEX(i)]<k)
		{
			ptr=i+1;
			break;
		}
	}
	for(int i=ptr;;i++)
	{
		if(results[INDEX(i)]==-1||results[INDEX(i)]>k)
		{	
			ptr=i-1;
			break;
		}
	}
	fout<<ptr<<endl;
//	int i=0;
//	for(i=ptr;i<maxnum&&results[INDEX(i]<=k;i++)
//		cout<<"("<<i<<","<<results[INDEX(i]<<")"<<"\t";
	//i--;
	//fout<<i<<endl;
	// system("pause");
}