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自从升级到Android M以来，最大的改变就是增加了运行时权限RuntimePermission，6.0以上的系统如果没有做适配，运行了targetSDK=23的App时就会报权限错误。我们知道6.0以下的系统是按照的时候权限申请的，6.0和之后的版本是我们想要使用某个app的权限，去动态申请的，这也是基于安全上的考虑吧（比如：单机的象棋对战，请求访问通讯录权限等不合理的权限，这肯定是有问题的）。
为了保护用户的隐私，谷歌官方将权限分为了两类，一个是正常权限（Normal Permissions），这类权限不涉及用户隐私，是不需要用户进行授权的，比如访问网络，手机震动等。还有一类是危险权限（Dangerous Permissions），一般是涉及到用户隐私的，需要用户进行授权，比如操作SD卡的写入，相机，录音等。
我们来看一张权限的清单文件：
我们可以通过adb shell pm list permissions -d -g进行查看。
权限如何申请
那么对于我们开发者来说，怎么适配6.0呢？按着官方的api走就行：
1,在AndroidManifest文件中添加需要的权限。
2,检查权限
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(thisActivity,
Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)
!= PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
}else{
//
}
建议这些检查权限的代码可以写到基类里面去。
3,申请授权
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(thisActivity,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS},
MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS);
说明：第一个参数是Context；第二个参数是需要申请的权限的字符串数组；第三个参数为requestCode，主要用于回调的时候检测。可以第二个参数看出，6.0是一次性申请多个权限的，系统会通过对话框逐一询问用户是否授权。
4，处理权限申请回调
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,
String permissions[], int[] grantResults) {
switch (requestCode) {
case MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS: {
// If request is cancelled, the result arrays are empty.
if (grantResults.length > 0
&& grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
// permission was granted, yay! Do the
// contacts-related task you need to do.
} else {
// permission denied, boo! Disable the
// functionality that depends on this permission.
}
return;
}
}
}
不过这里有个情况，对于用户上次拒绝的权限，在下次需要这个权限的时候，系统怎么处理的了？
if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(thisActivity,
Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS))
// Show an expanation to the user *asynchronously* -- don't block
// this thread waiting for the user's response! After the user
// sees the explanation, try again to request the permission.
}
所以完整的处理逻辑：
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(thisActivity,
Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)
!= PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
// Should we show an explanation?
if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(thisActivity,
Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)) {
// Show an expanation to the user *asynchronously* -- don't block
// this thread waiting for the user's response! After the user
// sees the explanation, try again to request the permission.
} else {
// No explanation needed, we can request the permission.
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(thisActivity,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS},
MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS);
// MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS is an
// app-defined int constant. The callback method gets the
// result of the request.
}
}
项目实践
权限工具类：
public class PermissionUtils {
private static final ArrayMap<String, Integer> MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS;
static {
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS = new ArrayMap<>(8);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("com.android.voicemail.permission.ADD_VOICEMAIL", 14);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("android.permission.BODY_SENSORS", 20);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("android.permission.READ_CALL_LOG", 16);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE", 16);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("android.permission.USE_SIP", 9);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("android.permission.WRITE_CALL_LOG", 16);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("android.permission.SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW", 23);
MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.put("android.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS", 23);
}
private static volatile int targetSdkVersion = -1;
public static boolean checkPermissions(int... grantResults) {
if (grantResults.length == 0) {
return false;
}
for (int result : grantResults) {
if (result != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
public static boolean hasSelfPermissions(Context context, String... permissions) {
for (String permission : permissions) {
if (permissionExists(permission) && !hasSelfPermission(context, permission)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
private static boolean permissionExists(String permission) {
Integer minVersion = MIN_SDK_PERMISSIONS.get(permission);
return minVersion == null || Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= minVersion;
}
private static boolean hasSelfPermission(Context context, String permission) {
try {
return PermissionChecker.checkSelfPermission(context, permission) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED;
} catch (RuntimeException t) {
return false;
}
}
public static boolean shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(Activity activity, String... permissions) {
for (String permission : permissions) {
if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(activity, permission)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
@TargetApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.DONUT)
public static int getTargetSdkVersion(Context context) {
try {
if (targetSdkVersion != -1) {
return targetSdkVersion;
}
PackageInfo packageInfo = context.getPackageManager().getPackageInfo(context.getPackageName(), 0);
targetSdkVersion = packageInfo.applicationInfo.targetSdkVersion;
} catch (PackageManager.NameNotFoundException ignored) {
}
return targetSdkVersion;
}
}
这里可以根据实际情况进行优化和扩展
基类：
public class BasePermissionActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private PermissionHandler mHandler=null;
private static int requesrCode=001;
/**
* 请求权限
*/
protected void requestPermission(String[] permissions, PermissionHandler handler) {
if (PermissionUtils.hasSelfPermissions(this, permissions)) {
handler.onGranted();
} else {
mHandler = handler;
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, permissions, requesrCode);
}
}
protected void requestPermission( PermissionHandler handler,String permissions) {
if (PermissionUtils.hasSelfPermissions(this, permissions)) {
handler.onGranted();
} else {
mHandler = handler;
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[]{permissions} , requesrCode);
}
}
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
if (mHandler == null) return;
if (PermissionUtils.checkPermissions(grantResults)) {
mHandler.onGranted();
} else {
if (!PermissionUtils.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(this, permissions)) {
if (!mHandler.onNeverRequest()) {
Toast.makeText(this, "权限已被拒绝,请在设置-应用-权限中打开", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
} else {
mHandler.onDenied();
}
}
}
public abstract class PermissionHandler {
//权限通过
public abstract void onGranted();
//权限拒绝
public void onDenied() {
}
//不再询问
public boolean onNeverRequest() {
return false;
}
}
}
测试：
public class MainActivity extends BasePermissionActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
init();
}
private void init() {
request1();
}
private void request1() {
requestPermission(new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA}, new PermissionHandler() {
@Override
public void onGranted() {
Intent intent = new Intent(); //调用照相机
intent.setAction(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
startActivity(intent);
}
@Override
public void onDenied() {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "拒绝", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}
private void request2() {
requestPermission(new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA}, new PermissionHandler() {
@Override
public void onGranted() {
Intent intent = new Intent(); //调用照相机
intent.setAction(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE);
startActivity(intent);
}
@Override
public void onDenied() {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "拒绝", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}
}代码：
https://github.com/xiangzhihong/permissionDemo
最后附上鸿洋封装的比较好的库：https://github.com/lovedise/PermissionGen
