大纲
一、Tomcat 基本配置
1.为Tomcat提供SysV脚本
2.catalina 脚本讲解
3.telnet 登录管理Tomcat
4.配置Tomcat虚拟主机
5.Tomcat图形管理接口
manager 管理应用程序的部署及监控
host-manager 虚拟主机的管理
6.部署JSP网站案例
布署JavaCenter Home（开源的SNS网站）
二、Nginx反向代理Tomcat服务器
1.Nginx将请求反向代理到后端Tomcat
2.Nginx将图片缓存到本地
3.Nginx将请求实现动静分离
注，实验环境说明，操作系统：CentOS 6.4 x86_64，软件版本：jdk-7u40、apache-tomcat-7.0.42、Nginx-1.4.2，博客中所用到的软件请到这里下载：http://yunpan.cn/QGBCLwrZnpLMS。
一、Tomcat 基本配置
1.为Tomcat提供SysV脚本
注，在上一篇博文中我们已经演示安装了Tomcat，这里我们就不在演示，不清楚的博友可以参考这篇博文，http://freeloda.blog.51cto.com/2033581/1299644，在上一篇博文中我们没有增加，SysV脚本，在这篇博文中我们来增加一下，下面我们就来具体演示一下。
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[root@tomcat ~]
# vim /etc/init.d/tomcat
#!/bin/sh
# Tomcat init script for Linux.
#
# chkconfig: 2345 96 14
# description: The Apache Tomcat servlet/JSP container.
CATALINA_HOME=
/usr/local/tomcat
#注意你的脚本路径
export
CATALINA_HOME
# export CATALINA_OPTS="-Xms128m -Xmx256m"
exec
$CATALINA_HOME
/bin/catalina
.sh $*
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下面我们来增加执行权限，并加入服务列表设置开机自启动，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# chmod +x /etc/init.d/tomcat
[root@tomcat ~]
# chkconfig --add tomcat
[root@tomcat ~]
# chkconfig tomcat --list
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tomcat 0:关闭 1:关闭 2:启用 3:启用 4:启用 5:启用 6:关闭
下面我们来启动一下Tomcat并测试一下，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat start
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
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查看一下启动的端口号，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 12988
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13053
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::8080 :::* LISTEN 13088
/java
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 12988
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 13053
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* LISTEN 13088
/java
tcp 0 0 :::8009 :::* LISTEN 13088
/java
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用浏览器访问一下，
好了，到这里Tomcat的SysV脚本增加完成，下面我们来说一下catalina脚本。
2.catalina 脚本讲解
首先我们来查看一下这个脚本，
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[root@tomcat bin]
# catalina.sh -h
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.7.0_40
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
Usage: catalina.sh ( commands ... )
commands:
debug Start Catalina
in
a debugger
debug -security Debug Catalina with a security manager
jpda start Start Catalina under JPDA debugger
run Start Catalina
in
the current window
run -security Start
in
the current window with security manager
start Start Catalina
in
a separate window
start -security Start
in
a separate window with security manager
stop Stop Catalina, waiting up to 5 seconds
for
the process to end
stop n Stop Catalina, waiting up to n seconds
for
the process to end
stop -force Stop Catalina, wait up to 5 seconds and
then
use
kill
-KILL
if
still running
stop n -force Stop Catalina, wait up to n seconds and
then
use
kill
-KILL
if
still running
configtest Run a basic syntax check on server.xml - check
exit
code
for
result
version What version of tomcat are you running?
Note: Waiting
for
the process to end and use of the -force option require that $CATALINA_PID is defined
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注，从帮助上来看，这个脚本使用还是挺简单的。下面我们来说几个常用的选项，
catalina.sh
-
start 启动Tomcat
-
stop 关闭Tomcat
-
configtest 测试配置文件是否有错
-
version 查看Tomcat版本
下面我们就来具体演示一下，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# catalina.sh configtest
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.7.0_40
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
九月 21, 2013 11:08:26 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init
信息: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library
which
allows optimal performance
in
production environments was not found on the java.library.path:
/usr/java/packages/lib/amd64
:
/usr/lib64
:
/lib64
:
/lib
:
/usr/lib
九月 21, 2013 11:08:27 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
信息: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"http-bio-8080"
]
九月 21, 2013 11:08:27 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
信息: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"ajp-bio-8009"
]
九月 21, 2013 11:08:27 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load
信息: Initialization processed
in
1269 ms
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注，使用configtest选项时，得关闭Tomcat，不然会报错。
启动Tomcat，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# catalina.sh start
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.7.0_40
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
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关闭Tomcat，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# catalina.sh stop
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.7.0_40
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
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查看Tomcat版本，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# catalina.sh version
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.7.0_40
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
Server version: Apache Tomcat
/7
.0.42
Server built: Jul 2 2013 08:57:41
Server number: 7.0.42.0
OS Name: Linux
OS Version: 2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64
Architecture: amd64
JVM Version: 1.7.0_40-b43
JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation
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好了，catalina脚本，我们就说到这里了，下面我们来说一下telnet管理Tomcat。
3.telnet 登录管理Tomcat
注，在说telnet管理Tomcat之前，我们得先看一下默认的配置文件，这里面定义了默认的管理端口，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
<Server port=
"8005"
shutdown
=
"SHUTDOWN"
>
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说明，定义了一个管理端口为8005，我们可以用telnet直接登录进本机的8005端口，来执行SHUTDOWN命令，来关闭Tomcat实例。下面我们来具体演示一下，
先安装telnet客户端，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# yum install -y telnet
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下面我们一测试并查看，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# telnet localhost 8005
Trying ::1...
telnet: connect to address ::1: Connection refused
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is
'^]'
.
SHUTDOWN
#输入SHOWDOWN就可以直接关闭Tomcat服务。
Connection closed by foreign host.
[root@tomcat ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 12988
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13053
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 12988
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 13053
/sshd
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注，大家可以看到Tomcat服务器已经关闭。好了，telnet管理我们就说到这里，下面我们来说一下，Tomcat虚拟主机的配置。
4.配置Tomcat虚拟主机
注，在说Tomcat虚拟主机之前，咱们来详细的看看默认的配置文件，虽然在上一篇博客中全部有讲解，在这篇博客中我还是再和大家简单说一下，下面是默认配置文件。大家可以看到，绝大部分的配置文件是注释，包含在<!-- -->、全是注释。下面我们就来具体的看看，注释我们就不说了，说具体的定义的内容
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[root@tomcat ~]
# cat /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
<?xml version=
'1.0'
encoding=
'utf-8'
?>
<!--
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or
more
contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE
file
distributed with
this work
for
additional information regarding copyright ownership.
The ASF licenses this
file
to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
(the
"License"
); you may not use this
file
except
in
compliance with
the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http:
//www
.apache.org
/licenses/LICENSE-2
.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to
in
writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS"
BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License
for
the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
-->
<!-- Note: A
"Server"
is not itself a
"Container"
, so you may not
define subcomponents such as
"Valves"
at this level.
Documentation at
/docs/config/server
.html
-->
<Server port=
"8005"
shutdown
=
"SHUTDOWN"
>
#大家可以看到，这里是我们刚才讲解的，定义一个管理接口
<!-- Security listener. Documentation at
/docs/config/listeners
.html
<Listener className=
"org.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener"
/>
-->
<!--APR library loader. Documentation at
/docs/apr
.html -->
<Listener className=
"org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener"
SSLEngine=
"on"
/>
<!--Initialize Jasper prior to webapps are loaded. Documentation at
/docs/jasper-howto
.html -->
<Listener className=
"org.apache.catalina.core.JasperListener"
/>
<!-- Prevent memory leaks due to use of particular java
/javax
APIs-->
<Listener className=
"org.apache.catalina.core.JreMemoryLeakPreventionListener"
/>
<Listener className=
"org.apache.catalina.mbeans.GlobalResourcesLifecycleListener"
/>
<Listener className=
"org.apache.catalina.core.ThreadLocalLeakPreventionListener"
/>
<!-- Global JNDI resources
Documentation at
/docs/jndi-resources-howto
.html
-->
<GlobalNamingResources>
<!-- Editable user database that can also be used by
UserDatabaseRealm to authenticate
users
-->
<Resource name=
"UserDatabase"
auth=
"Container"
type
=
"org.apache.catalina.UserDatabase"
description=
"User database that can be updated and saved"
factory=
"org.apache.catalina.users.MemoryUserDatabaseFactory"
pathname=
"conf/tomcat-users.xml"
/>
<
/GlobalNamingResources
>
<!-- A
"Service"
is a collection of one or
more
"Connectors"
that share
a single
"Container"
Note: A
"Service"
is not itself a
"Container"
,
so you may not define subcomponents such as
"Valves"
at this level.
Documentation at
/docs/config/service
.html
-->
<Service name=
"Catalina"
>
#定义一个Service命令为Catalina
<!--The connectors can use a shared executor, you can define one or
more
named thread pools-->
<!--
<Executor name=
"tomcatThreadPool"
namePrefix=
"catalina-exec-"
maxThreads=
"150"
minSpareThreads=
"4"
/>
-->
<!-- A
"Connector"
represents an endpoint by
which
requests are received
and responses are returned. Documentation at :
Java HTTP Connector:
/docs/config/http
.html (blocking & non-blocking)
Java AJP Connector:
/docs/config/ajp
.html
APR (HTTP
/AJP
) Connector:
/docs/apr
.html
Define a non-SSL HTTP
/1
.1 Connector on port 8080
-->
<Connector port=
"8080"
protocol=
"HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout=
"20000"
redirectPort=
"8443"
/>
#这里定义了一个连接器，协议为http，端口为8080，最大连接超时为20s，这里还定义了一个SSL的重定向端口8443。我们可以根据需要进行修改。一般我们都用80端口与443端口。
<!-- A
"Connector"
using the shared thread pool-->
<!--
<Connector executor=
"tomcatThreadPool"
port=
"8080"
protocol=
"HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout=
"20000"
redirectPort=
"8443"
/>
-->
<!-- Define a SSL HTTP
/1
.1 Connector on port 8443
This connector uses the JSSE configuration, when using APR, the
connector should be using the OpenSSL style configuration
described
in
the APR documentation -->
<!--
<Connector port=
"8443"
protocol=
"HTTP/1.1"
SSLEnabled=
"true"
maxThreads=
"150"
scheme=
"https"
secure=
"true"
clientAuth=
"false"
sslProtocol=
"TLS"
/>
#这里定义了一个SSL的案例，主要定义相关密钥与证书。
-->
<!-- Define an AJP 1.3 Connector on port 8009 -->
<Connector port=
"8009"
protocol=
"AJP/1.3"
redirectPort=
"8443"
/>
#这里定义了一个支持AJP协议的连接器。
<!-- An Engine represents the entry point (within Catalina) that processes
every request. The Engine implementation
for
Tomcat stand alone
analyzes the HTTP headers included with the request, and passes them
on to the appropriate Host (virtual host).
Documentation at
/docs/config/engine
.html -->
<!-- You should
set
jvmRoute to support load-balancing via AJP ie :
<Engine name=
"Catalina"
defaultHost=
"localhost"
jvmRoute=
"jvm1"
>
-->
<Engine name=
"Catalina"
defaultHost=
"localhost"
>
#这里定义了一个名为Catalina的引擎，并定义了一个默认主机为localhost。
<!--For clustering, please take a
look
at documentation at:
/docs/cluster-howto
.html (simple how to)
/docs/config/cluster
.html (reference documentation) -->
<!--
<Cluster className=
"org.apache.catalina.ha.tcp.SimpleTcpCluster"
/>
-->
<!-- Use the LockOutRealm to prevent attempts to guess user passwords
via a brute-force attack -->
<Realm className=
"org.apache.catalina.realm.LockOutRealm"
>
<!-- This Realm uses the UserDatabase configured
in
the global JNDI
resources under the key
"UserDatabase"
. Any edits
that are performed against this UserDatabase are immediately
available
for
use by the Realm. -->
<Realm className=
"org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"
resourceName=
"UserDatabase"
/>
<
/Realm
>
<Host name=
"localhost"
appBase=
"webapps"
unpackWARs=
"true"
autoDeploy=
"true"
>
#这里就是定义的虚拟主机。
<!-- SingleSignOn valve, share authentication between web applications
Documentation at:
/docs/config/valve
.html -->
<!--
<Valve className=
"org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn"
/>
-->
<!-- Access log processes all example.
Documentation at:
/docs/config/valve
.html
Note: The pattern used is equivalent to using pattern=
"common"
-->
<Valve className=
"org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve"
directory=
"logs"
prefix=
"localhost_access_log."
suffix=
".txt"
pattern=
"%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b"
/>
#这里定义了一个日志相关的属性。
<
/Host
>
<
/Engine
>
<
/Service
>
<
/Server
>
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好了，在这里我们又简单的说明一下，配置文件下面我们就来具体演示一下怎么配置虚拟主机。
首先，我们来修改一下配置文件，
[root@tomcat conf]# vim server.xml
#增加下面几行
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<Host name=
"www.test.com"
appBase=
"/web/webapp"
unpackWARs=
"true"
autoDeploy=
"true"
>
<Context path=
"/"
docBase=
"/web/webapp"
reloadable=
"true"
/>
<
/Host
>
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接下来我们来创建文档目录与测试页面，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# mkdir -pv /web/webapp
[root@tomcat ~]
# cd /web/webapp
[root@tomcat webapp]
# vim index.jsp
<%@ page language=
"java"
%>
<%@ page
import
=
"java.util.*"
%>
<html>
<
head
>
<title>JSP
test
page.<
/title
>
<
/head
>
<body>
<% out.println(
"Welcome to test. Site, http://www.test.com"
); %>
<
/body
>
<
/html
>
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现在我们来测试一下我们修改的配置文件，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat stop
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
^[[A[root@tomcat service tomcat configtest
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
Sep 22, 2013 2:15:47 AM org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init
INFO: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library
which
allows optimal performance
in
production environments was not found on the java.library.path:
/usr/java/packages/lib/amd64
:
/usr/lib64
:
/lib64
:
/lib
:
/usr/lib
Sep 22, 2013 2:15:47 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"http-bio-80"
]
Sep 22, 2013 2:15:47 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"ajp-bio-8009"
]
Sep 22, 2013 2:15:47 AM org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load
INFO: Initialization processed
in
1294 ms
|
注，大家可以看到，我们这里没有报错，说明配置都是正确的，若配置有错误，会在最后一行提醒你。
再下面我们来启动Tomcat并测试一下，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat start
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
[root@tomcat ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13368
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13387
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6012 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13407
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 13557
/java
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 13368
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 13387
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6012 :::* LISTEN 13407
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::8009 :::* LISTEN 13557
/java
|
注，还有一点得说明一下，我这里为了方便测试，将默认端口8080修改为了80端口。下面是测试效果，
为了帮助大家理解，我们这里再次讲解一下，Host组件与Context组件以及相关属性。
Host组件：
位于Engine容器中用于接收请求并进行相应处理的主机或虚拟主机，如前面我们自定义的内容：
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<Host name=
"www.test.com"
appBase=
"/web/webapp"
unpackWARs=
"true"
autoDeploy=
"true"
>
<Context path=
"/"
docBase=
"/web/webapp"
reloadable=
"true"
/>
<
/Host
>
|
常用属性说明：
name：定义虚拟主机的域名
-
appBase：此Host的webapps目录，即存放非归档的web应用程序的目录或归档后的WAR文件的目录路径；可以使用基于$CATALINA_HOME的相对路径；
-
autoDeploy：在Tomcat处于运行状态时放置于appBase目录中的应用程序文件是否自动进行deploy；默认为true；
-
unpackWars：在启用此webapps时是否对WAR格式的归档文件先进行展开；默认为true；
主机别名定义：
如果一个主机有两个或两个以上的主机名，额外的名称均可以以别名的形式进行定义，如下：
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<Host name=
"www.test.com"
appBase=
"webapps"
unpackWARs=
"true"
>
<Alias>web.
test
.com<
/Alias
>
<
/Host
>
Context组件：
Context在某些意义上类似于apache中的路径别名，一个Context定义用于标识tomcat实例中的一个Web应用程序。如下面的定义：
<!-- Tomcat Root Context -->
<Context path=
""
docBase=
"/web/webapps"
/>
<!-- buzzin webapp -->
<Context path=
"/bbs"
docBase=
"/web/threads/bbs"
reloadable=
"true"
>
<
/Context
>
<!-- chat server -->
<Context path=
"/chat"
docBase=
"/web/chat"
/>
<!-- darian web -->
<Context path=
"/darian"
docBase=
"darian"
/>
|
在Tomcat中，每一个context定义也可以使用一个单独的XML文件进行，其文件的目录为$CATALINA_HOME/conf/<engine name>/<host name>。可以用于Context中的XML元素有Loader，Manager，Realm，Resources和WatchedResource。
常用的属性定义有：
-
docBase：相应的Web应用程序的存放位置；也可以使用相对路径，起始路径为此Context所属Host中appBase定义的路径；切记，docBase的路径名不能与相应的Host中appBase中定义的路径名有包含关系，比如，如果appBase为deploy，而docBase绝不能为deploy-bbs类的名字；
-
path：相对于Web服务器根路径而言的URI；如果为空“”，则表示为此webapp的根路径；如果context定义在一个单独的xml文件中，此属性不需要定义；
-
reloadable：是否允许重新加载此context相关的Web应用程序的类；默认为false；
为了便于大家理解，我们这里再定义一个Context并测试一下，
我们先来修改一下配置文件
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[root@tomcat conf]
# vim server.xml
<Host name=
"www.test.com"
appBase=
"/web/webapp"
unpackWARs=
"true"
autoDeploy=
"true"
>
<Context path=
"/"
docBase=
"/web/webapp"
reloadable=
"true"
/>
<Context path=
"/test"
docBase=
"/web/test"
reloadable=
"true"
/>
#增加这一行
<
/Host
>
|
下面来增加目录文档与测试文件，
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[root@tomcat webapp]
# mkdir /web/test
[root@tomcat webapp]
# cd /web/test
[root@tomcat
test
]
# vim index.jsp
<%@ page language=
"java"
%>
<html>
<
head
><title>TomcatA<
/title
><
/head
>
<body>
<h1><font color=
"red"
>TomcatA <
/h1
>
<table align=
"centre"
border=
"1"
>
<
tr
>
<td>Session ID<
/td
>
<% session.setAttribute(
"abc"
,
"abc"
); %>
<td><%= session.getId() %><
/td
>
<
/tr
>
<
tr
>
<td>Created on<
/td
>
<td><%= session.getCreationTime() %><
/td
>
<
/tr
>
<
/table
>
<
/body
>
<
/html
>
|
测试一下配置文件是否有错并启动Tomcat，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat configtest
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
Sep 22, 2013 2:40:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init
INFO: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library
which
allows optimal performance
in
production environments was not found on the java.library.path:
/usr/java/packages/lib/amd64
:
/usr/lib64
:
/lib64
:
/lib
:
/usr/lib
Sep 22, 2013 2:40:58 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"http-bio-80"
]
Sep 22, 2013 2:40:58 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"ajp-bio-8009"
]
Sep 22, 2013 2:40:58 AM org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load
INFO: Initialization processed
in
1352 ms
[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat start
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
[root@tomcat ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13587
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13387
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6012 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13407
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 13945
/java
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 13587
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 13387
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6012 :::* LISTEN 13407
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* LISTEN 13945
/java
tcp 0 0 :::8009 :::* LISTEN 13945
/java
|
下面我们就用浏览器测试一下，
好了，到这里我们的Tomcat虚拟主机的讲解就到这里了，下面我们来说一下Tomcat图形管理接口。
5.Tomcat图形管理接口
-
manager 管理应用程序的部署及监控
-
host-manager 虚拟主机的管理
我们先来看一下默认的图形配置界面，
注，大家注意看右上角，我用红色方框标记出来的，大家可以看有三个按钮，分别为
-
Server Status 主要用来查看服务器的状态
-
Manager App 主要用来管理应用程序的部署及监控
-
Host Manager 主要用来管理虚拟主机
下面我们就来具休的配置一下，大家可以看到，你点击任何一个按钮都要输入用户名和密码的，在我们配置之前我们先来说一下，Tomcat的Manager功能，
Manager的四个管理角色：
-
manager-gui - allows access to the HTML GUI and the status pages
-
manager-script - allows access to the text interface and the status pages
-
manager-jmx - allows access to the JMX proxy and the status pages
-
manager-status - allows access to the status pages only
注，这里我说一下，上面的英文比较简单我就不在里翻译了，大家自己看一下。
下面我们就来启用manager功能，修改tomcat-user.xml文件，添加如下行：
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<role rolename=
"manager-gui"
/>
<role rolename=
"admin-gui"
/>
<user username=
"tomcat"
password=
"tomcat"
roles=
"manager-gui,admin-gui"
/>
|
简单解释一下，Tomcat有内置的角色，我们这里增加了两个角色一个为manager-gui，另一个为admin-gui，用户名和密码都为tomcat。
注，增加的内容一定要在<tomcat-users></tomcat-users>之间。不然，不会生效。好了，下面我们一来测试一下配置文件，并重新启动一下Tomcat
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat configtest
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
Sep 22, 2013 3:08:44 AM org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init
INFO: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library
which
allows optimal performance
in
production environments was not found on the java.library.path:
/usr/java/packages/lib/amd64
:
/usr/lib64
:
/lib64
:
/lib
:
/usr/lib
Sep 22, 2013 3:08:44 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"http-bio-80"
]
Sep 22, 2013 3:08:44 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"ajp-bio-8009"
]
Sep 22, 2013 3:08:44 AM org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load
INFO: Initialization processed
in
1213 ms
[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat start
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
[root@tomcat ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13587
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13387
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6012 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 13407
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 14197
/java
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1044
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1121
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 13587
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 13387
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6012 :::* LISTEN 13407
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* LISTEN 14197
/java
tcp 0 0 :::8009 :::* LISTEN 14197
/java
|
好了，下面我们用浏览器查看一下，
注，点击Server Status按钮，让你输入用户名和密码。我这里全部设置是tomcat。
然后，会出现以下界面。显示全部服务器运行状态！大家可以仔细的看一下，我就不带着大家看了。
下面是应用程序部署管理界面，
下面是虚拟主机管理页面，
注，我们一般在生产环境中用的最多是应用程序部署界面，可以进行热布署应用程序，很方便，大家可以尝试一下。好了，图形管理界面我们就说到这里了，下面我们来说一下，Tomcat的一个小案例。我们说了那么多，有朋友就会说了，怎么一个案例也没有呢？下面我们就来布署一个社交网站的案例JavaCenter Home。
6.部署JSP网站案例
首页，我们来修改一下配置文件，
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[root@tomcat conf]
# vim server.xml
<Host name=
"www.test.com"
appBase=
"/web"
unpackWARs=
"true"
autoDeploy=
"true"
>
<Context path=
"/"
docBase=
"webapp"
reloadable=
"true"
/>
<
/Host
>
|
注，增加一下虚拟主机，文件目录为/web/webapp。
下面我们来解压一下我们下载好的JavaCenter Home网站程序，
|
1
|
[root@tomcat src]
# tar xf JavaCenter_Home_2.0_GBK.tar.bz2
|
接下来将解压好的JavaCenter Home程序移动到/web/webapp下，
|
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2
|
[root@tomcat src]
# cd JavaCenter_Home_2.0_GBK
[root@tomcat JavaCenter_Home_2.0_GBK]
# mv * /web/webapp/
|
下面我们来测试一下配置文件并启动Tomcat服务，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat configtest
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.6.0_21
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
Sep 23, 2013 5:31:18 PM org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init
INFO: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library
which
allows optimal performance
in
production environments was not found on the java.library.path:
/usr/java/jdk1
.6.0_21
/jre/lib/amd64/server
:
/usr/java/jdk1
.6.0_21
/jre/lib/amd64
:
/usr/java/jdk1
.6.0_21
/jre/
..
/lib/amd64
:
/usr/java/packages/lib/amd64
:
/usr/lib64
:
/lib64
:
/lib
:
/usr/lib
Sep 23, 2013 5:31:20 PM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"http-bio-80"
]
Sep 23, 2013 5:31:20 PM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler [
"ajp-bio-8009"
]
Sep 23, 2013 5:31:20 PM org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load
INFO: Initialization processed
in
2493 ms
[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat start
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.6.0_21
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
[root@tomcat ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1026
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1256
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1339
/sshd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1165
/mysqld
tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 1499
/java
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1026
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1256
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 1339
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::8009 :::* LISTEN 1499
/java
|
下面我们用浏览器访问一下，http://www.test.com（注，要想用域名访问，必须配置本机有hosts文件，Windows7hosts文件目录，C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts）
注，上面的错误说明我们连接Mysql数据库失败。因为我们这里还没有安装与配置嘛。下面我们赶快来配置一下，
先安装数据库，我们这里就用yum安装一下，
|
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|
[root@tomcat ~]
# yum install -y mysql-server
|
下面来启动并配置mysql，
|
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service mysqld start
Starting mysqld: [ OK ]
[root@tomcat ~]
# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection
id
is 2
Server version: 5.1.69 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and
/or
its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and
/or
its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type
'help;'
or
'\h'
for
help. Type
'\c'
to
clear
the current input statement.
mysql>
|
好了，到这里我们mysql就安装完成了，下面我们来看一下我们的程序目录，
|
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|
[root@tomcat ~]
# cd /web/webapp/
[root@tomcat webapp]
# ls
admin avatar.jsp data help.jsp js.jsp rss.jsp userapp.jsp
admincp.jsp config.properties
do
.jsp image link.jsp
source
WEB-INF
api contact.jsp editor.jsp index.jsp magic.jsp space.jsp xmlrpc.jsp
app.jsp
cp
.jsp errors
install
META-INF template
attachment crossdomain.xml favicon.ico invite.jsp network.jsp theme
|
大家可以看到里面有个install的目录，下面我们用浏览器访问一下，http://www.test.com/install，会跳出一个安装界面，如下图
从图中，我们可以看出，所以环境配置完成，都符合要求。下面我们点击“接受授权协议，开始安装JavaCenter Home”,会跳出下一界面，如下图
从图中，我们可以看出得输入，数据库名称、数据库用户名、数据库密码。下面我们就来增加一下，
|
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[root@tomcat ~]
# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection
id
is 13
Server version: 5.1.69 Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and
/or
its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and
/or
its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type
'help;'
or
'\h'
for
help. Type
'\c'
to
clear
the current input statement.
mysql> create database jcenter;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant all privileges on jcenter.* to jcenter@
'localhost'
identified by
'123456'
;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant all privileges on jcenter.* to jcenter@
'127.0.0.1'
identified by
'123456'
;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
|
上面创建一个jcenter数据库，授权访问一个jcenter用户，密码为123456。下面我们继续配置，
我们输入刚才设置的数据库用户名、数据库密码、数据库名称。点击“设置完毕，检测我的数据库配置”，图显示的3和4会看自动进行安装，我们只等一会即可。安装完成的效果如下图，
下面我们开通一个管理员空间，用户名和密码都为admin，如下图
点击“开通管理员空间”，会跳出另一个界面，如下图
我们点击“进入空间首页”，效果如下图
好了，到这里我们的JavaCenter Home就全部配置完成了，我们第一阶段的基本配置就这里全部完成，下面我们主要讲解Nginx反向代理Tomcat服务器。
二、Nginx反向代理Tomcat服务器
0.测试环境准备阶段
下面先看一下实验拓扑，
接着来同步各节点时间，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# ntpdate 202.120.2.101
[root@nginx ~]
# ntpdate 202.120.2.101
|
下面我们来安装nginx服务器，首先来解决nginx的依赖关系，
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[root@nginx ~]
# yum groupinstall -y "Development Tools" "Server Platform Deveopment"
[root@nginx ~]
# yum install -y openssl-devel pcre-devel
|
下面我们来新建nginx用户，
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[root@nginx ~]
# groupadd -r -g 108 nginx
[root@nginx ~]
# useradd -r -g 108 -u 108 nginx
[root@nginx ~]
# id nginx
uid=108(nginx) gid=108(nginx) 组=108(nginx)
|
接着我们来开始编译和安装，
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[root@nginx src]
# tar xf nginx-1.4.2.tar.gz
[root@nginx src]
# cd nginx-1.4.2
[root@nginx nginx-1.4.2]
# ls
auto CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf configure contrib html LICENSE
man
README src
[root@nginx nginx-1.4.2]
# ./configure \
> --prefix=
/usr
\
> --sbin-path=
/usr/sbin/nginx
\
> --conf-path=
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf \
> --error-log-path=
/var/log/nginx/error
.log \
> --http-log-path=
/var/log/nginx/access
.log \
> --pid-path=
/var/run/nginx/nginx
.pid \
> --lock-path=
/var/lock/nginx
.lock \
> --user=nginx \
> --group=nginx \
> --with-http_ssl_module \
> --with-http_flv_module \
> --with-http_stub_status_module \
> --with-http_gzip_static_module \
> --http-client-body-temp-path=
/var/tmp/nginx/client/
\
> --http-proxy-temp-path=
/var/tmp/nginx/proxy/
\
> --http-fastcgi-temp-path=
/var/tmp/nginx/fcgi/
\
> --http-uwsgi-temp-path=
/var/tmp/nginx/uwsgi
\
> --http-scgi-temp-path=
/var/tmp/nginx/scgi
\
> --with-pcre
[root@nginx nginx-1.4.2]
# make && make install
|
说明：
-
Nginx可以使用Tmalloc(快速、多线程的malloc库及优秀性能分析工具)来加速内存分配，使用此功能需要事先安装gperftools，而后在编译nginx添加--with-google_perftools_module选项即可。
-
如果想使用nginx的perl模块，可以通过为configure脚本添加--with-http_perl_module选项来实现，但目前此模块仍处于实验性使用阶段，可能会在运行中出现意外，因此，其实现方式这里不再介绍。如果想使用基于nginx的cgi功能，也可以基于FCGI来实现，具体实现方法请参照网上的文档。
下面我们为nginx提供SysV init脚本，
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[root@nginx ~]
# cat /etc/init.d/nginx
#!/bin/sh
#
# nginx - this script starts and stops the nginx daemon
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
# proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server
# processname: nginx
# config: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# config: /etc/sysconfig/nginx
# pidfile: /var/run/nginx.pid
# Source function library.
.
/etc/rc
.d
/init
.d
/functions
# Source networking configuration.
.
/etc/sysconfig/network
# Check that networking is up.
[
"$NETWORKING"
=
"no"
] &&
exit
0
nginx=
"/usr/sbin/nginx"
prog=$(
basename
$nginx)
NGINX_CONF_FILE=
"/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"
[ -f
/etc/sysconfig/nginx
] && .
/etc/sysconfig/nginx
lockfile=
/var/lock/subsys/nginx
make_dirs() {
# make required directories
user=`nginx -V 2>&1 |
grep
"configure arguments:"
|
sed
's/[^*]*--user=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/g'
-`
options=`$nginx -V 2>&1 |
grep
'configure arguments:'
`
for
opt
in
$options;
do
if
[ `
echo
$opt |
grep
'.*-temp-path'
` ];
then
value=`
echo
$opt |
cut
-d
"="
-f 2`
if
[ ! -d
"$value"
];
then
# echo "creating" $value
mkdir
-p $value &&
chown
-R $user $value
fi
fi
done
}
start() {
[ -x $nginx ] ||
exit
5
[ -f $NGINX_CONF_FILE ] ||
exit
6
make_dirs
echo
-n $
"Starting $prog: "
daemon $nginx -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -
eq
0 ] &&
touch
$lockfile
return
$retval
}
stop() {
echo
-n $
"Stopping $prog: "
killproc $prog -QUIT
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -
eq
0 ] &&
rm
-f $lockfile
return
$retval
}
restart() {
configtest ||
return
$?
stop
sleep
1
start
}
reload() {
configtest ||
return
$?
echo
-n $
"Reloading $prog: "
killproc $nginx -HUP
RETVAL=$?
echo
}
force_reload() {
restart
}
configtest() {
$nginx -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
}
rh_status() {
status $prog
}
rh_status_q() {
rh_status >
/dev/null
2>&1
}
case
"$1"
in
start)
rh_status_q &&
exit
0
$1
;;
stop)
rh_status_q ||
exit
0
$1
;;
restart|configtest)
$1
;;
reload)
rh_status_q ||
exit
7
$1
;;
force-reload)
force_reload
;;
status)
rh_status
;;
condrestart|try-restart)
rh_status_q ||
exit
0
;;
*)
echo
$
"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest}"
exit
2
esac
|
而后为此脚本赋予执行权限，
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[root@nginx ~]
# chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx
|
添加至服务管理列表，并让其开机自动启动，
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[root@nginx ~]
# chkconfig --add nginx
[root@nginx ~]
# chkconfig nginx on
|
而后就可以启动服务并测试了，
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[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx start
正在启动 nginx： [确定]
[root@nginx ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 14006
/nginx
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1029
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1105
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1345
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1029
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1105
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 1345
/sshd
|
下面是测试结果，
好了，到这里我们准备工作就全部完成了，下面们来简单的配置一下Nginx反向代理Tomcat服务器。
1.Nginx将请求反向代理到后端Tomcat
首先，我们来修改一下nginx的配置文件，
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[root@nginx ~]
# cd /etc/nginx/
[root@nginx nginx]
# cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.bak
[root@nginx nginx]
# vim nginx.conf
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
#root html;
#index index.html index.htm;
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.18.201/;
#注释默认两行，新增一行。
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
root html;
}
}
}
|
重新加载一下配置文件，
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[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx： [确定]
|
下面进行测试一下，（注，首先你得保证你的tomcat服务器能正常访问，下面我们先来访问一下tomcat服务器，如下图）
大家可以看到我们的tomcat服务器可以正常访问，下面我们来看测试一下nginx可不可以进行反向代理。（注，还有问题，这里为了方便测试我们先将tomcat的默认主机设置为www.test.com）
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[root@tomcat ~]
# vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
<Engine name=
"Catalina"
defaultHost=
"www.test.com"
>
|
重新启动一下tomcat并测试，
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[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat stop
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.6.0_21
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
[root@tomcat ~]
# service tomcat start
Using CATALINA_BASE:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME:
/usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR:
/usr/local/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME:
/usr/java/jdk1
.6.0_21
Using CLASSPATH:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap
.jar:
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli
.jar
[root@tomcat ~]
# netstat -ntulp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID
/Program
name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1026
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1256
/master
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6010 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1339
/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6011 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2744
/sshd
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2382
/mysqld
tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 3299
/java
tcp 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1026
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1256
/master
tcp 0 0 ::1:6010 :::* LISTEN 1339
/sshd
tcp 0 0 ::1:6011 :::* LISTEN 2744
/sshd
tcp 0 0 :::8009 :::* LISTEN 3299
/java
|
下面我们来访问测试一下tomcat服务器，
下面我们来测试看nginx是否能代理tomcat服务器，
好了，大家可以看到我们成功设置了nginx反向代理tomcat服务器。好了，大家可以看到，我们网站上有很多的图片，每次访问都要去后端的tomcat服务器上去取，很消耗服务器资源。我们下面将设置在nginx服务器上缓存图片。
2.Nginx将图片缓存到本地
同样的，我们先来修改配置文件，
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[root@nginx nginx]
# cat nginx.conf
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
proxy_cache_path
/nginx/cache
levels=1:2 keys_zone=first:10m inactive=24h max_size=1G;
#新建缓存路径与相关属性
upstream backend {
#建立后端tomcat服务器
server 192.168.18.201 weight=1;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
#root html;
#index index.html index.htm;
#proxy_pass http://192.168.18.201/; #注释原来的代理设置
proxy_pass http:
//backend/
;
#启动后端服务器
}
location ~*
"\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|html|css|js)$"
{
#缓存图片与静态内容
proxy_pass http:
//backend
;
proxy_cache first;
proxy_cache_valid 200 24h;
#200状态缓存24小时
proxy_cache_valid 302 10m;
#302状态缓存10分钟
add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
#在http头部增加一个字段显示是否命令缓存
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
root html;
}
}
}
|
下面我们来新建缓存目录，
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[root@nginx ~]
# mkdir -pv /nginx/cache
mkdir
: 已创建目录
"/nginx"
mkdir
: 已创建目录
"/nginx/cache"
|
测试一下配置文件是否有错，
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|
[root@nginx ~]
# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
|
重新加载配置文件，
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4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx： [确定]
|
那么下面我们就来测试一下，
大家可以看到我们访问的所有的静态内容都是命中的，X-Cache-Status: HIT，下面们来看一下缓存的目录，
|
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|
[root@nginx ~]
# cd /nginx/cache/
[root@nginx cache]
# ls
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 b c d e
|
大家可以看到，缓存目录当中有我们缓存的内容，好了到这里我们的nginx缓存服务就配置完成了，下面我们看一下如何实现动静分离。
3.Nginx将请求实现动静分离
首先，我们来说一下我们要实现的效果，上面我们已经将静态内容缓存在nginx服务器上，我们想让用户请求的静态内容到nginx去取，动态内容到tomcat服务器上去取，这就能实现动静分享效果。同样的首先我们来修改配置文件，
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[root@nginx nginx]
# cat nginx.conf
#user nobody;
worker_processes 1;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
#log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
# '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
# '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
#access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
#keepalive_timeout 0;
keepalive_timeout 65;
#gzip on;
proxy_cache_path
/nginx/cache
levels=1:2 keys_zone=first:10m inactive=24h max_size=1G;
upstream backend {
server 192.168.18.201 weight=1;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
index index.jsp index.html;
location ~*
"\.(jsp|do)$"
{
#当请求的是jsp或do文件时直接到tomcat上去取
#root html;
#index index.html index.htm;
#proxy_pass http://192.168.18.201/;
#proxy_pass http://backend/;
proxy_pass http:
//backend
;
}
location = / {
root html;
rewrite ^/ http:
//192
.168.18.201
/index
.jsp last;
}
location ~*
"\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|html|css|js)$"
{
proxy_pass http:
//backend
;
proxy_cache first;
proxy_cache_valid 200 24h;
proxy_cache_valid 302 10m;
add_header X-Cache-Status $upstream_cache_status;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504
/50x
.html;
location =
/50x
.html {
root html;
}
}
}
|
下面我们来检查一下配置文件是否有误，
|
1
2
3
|
[root@nginx ~]
# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
|
重新加载一下配置文件，
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx： [确定]
|
下面我们来访问测试一下，
大家可以看到我们的静态内容来自缓存，动态内容全部代理到后端的tomcat服务器上了，说明我们动态分离配置完成，好了到这里我们的tomcat的基本配置与nginx反向代理tomcat的配置就全部完成了，最后希望大家有所收获^_^……
本文转自陈明乾51CTO博客，原文链接：
http://blog.51cto.com/freeloda/1300915
，如需转载请自行联系原作者
